|
The Paraho process is an above ground retorting technology for shale oil extraction. The name "Paraho" is delivered from the words "''para homem''", which means in Portuguese "for mankind".〔 ==History== The Paraho process was invented by John B. Jones, Jr., later president of the Paraho Development Corporation, and developed by Development Engineering, Inc., in the late 1960s.〔 〕〔 〕 Its design was based on a gas combustion retort developed by the United States Bureau of Mines and the earlier Nevada–Texas–Utah Retort. In the late 1940s, these retorts were tested in the Oil Shale Experiment Station at Anvil Points in Rifle, Colorado.〔 In 1971, the Standard Oil of Ohio started to cooperate with Mr. John B. Jones providing financial support for obtaining an oil shale lease at Anvil Points. In May 1972, the lease was approved.〔 Before leasing a track at Anvil Points, a test of using the Paraho Direct process for limestone calcination in cement kilns was carried out.〔 The consortium for developing the Anvil Points lease – the Paraho Development Corporation – was formed in 1973.〔 In addition to the Standard Oil of Ohio, other participants of the consortium were Atlantic Richfield, Carter Oil, Chevron Research, Cleveland-Cliffs Iron, Gulf Oil, Kerr-McKee, Marathon Oil, Arthur G. McKee, Mobil Research, Phillips Petroleum Company, Shell Development, Southern California Edison, Standard Oil Company (Indiana), Sun Oil, Texaco, and the Webb-Chambers-Gary-McLoraine Group.〔 Shale oil retorting started in 1974 when two operational retorts – pilot plant and semiworks – were put into operation.〔 〕 The semiworks unit achieved a maximum throughput capacity of 290 tons (263 tonnes) of raw oil shale per day.〔 In March 1976, the Paraho Development Corporation tested a modification of its technology – the Paraho Indirect process.〔 The Anvil Points lease was closed in 1978.〔 In 1976–1978, under the contracts with the United States Navy, Paraho technology was used for production of 100,000 barrels of crude shale oil. It was tested for using as military transportation fuels.〔 〕〔〔 〕 The Gary Western Refinery in Fruita, Colorado, refined the Paraho shale oil for production of gasoline, jet fuels, diesel fuel marine, and heavy fuel oil.〔 〕 Paraho JP-4 aviation fuel was tested by the United States Air Force in the T-39 jet aircraft flight, which took a place between the Wright Patterson Air Force Base (Dayton, Ohio) and the Carswell Air Force Base (Fort Worth, Texas). In addition, the Paraho heavy fuel oil was used for fueling a Cleveland-Cliffs Iron ore carrier during its 7-day cruise on Great Lakes.〔 On 13 June 1980, the Department of Energy awarded $4.4 million contract (participants providing additional $3.7 million) for an 18-month study to construct an 18,000 TPD modular demonstration shale oil plant producing 10,000 BPD on a lease 40 miles southeast of Vernal, Utah.〔 〕 The demonstration module was never built. In 1982, Paraho’s semi-works plant was torn down when the Anvil Points station was decommissioned, but the pilot plant was moved to an adjacent plot of private land. In 1987, Paraho reorganized as New Paraho and began production of SOMAT asphalt additive used in test strips in 5 States. In 1991, New PARAHO reported successful tests of SOMAT shale oil asphalt additive. On 28 June 2000, Shale Technologies purchased Paraho Development Corporation and became owner of the proprietary information relating to the Paraho oil shale retorting technologies.〔 〕 On 14 August 2008, Queensland Energy Resources announced that it will use the Paraho Indirect technology for its Stuart Oil Shale Project.〔 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paraho process」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|